Shewan Omar research Paper ( Global Positioning System GPS )

SHEWAN OMAR
IT 103, section 001
March 1, 2011
GPS
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SHEWAN OMAR





Introduction
Global positioning system (GPS) is one of the most well known methods that discovered to benefit for our daily life. Global positioning system is has many effects on our daily lives. GPS has advantage to reach places with precise time and destination. The global positioning system was invented first for the government use, and then it released to the public and was used for the driving direction and reach places with exact time and distance. Also, in today’s modern live we find global positioning system in our cellular phones. Moreover, global positioning system discovered 1960s by the U.S air force to operate the military system. The GPS depends on three elements to operate the military system among them are the satellite, ground control center, and receiver. The GPS (global positioning system) provides us with the exact time, distance of the locations, and navigating. GPS has helped many of people to find their way home and other destinations. It would be impossible for us to explore our surroundings with the modern system of GPS. The Global positioning system GPS has many elements that we address bay using the GPS such as the history, the potential benefits, GPS jamming issues, and security concerns(GSM SECUIRTY SYSTEM, 2010).
Background
First of all, the discovery of the positioning started from the early 1600th by the father of our science Galileo Galilei. The astronomies predict the directions of places by using the stars. Later throughout the life time discovery First positioning was discovered in the World War II in 1940th to positioning the airplanes by connecting the continent with The Electromagnetic technique were used by electronic high ranging (HIRN). In the early time the scientist discovered that the Doppler adjust of a signal broadcast by satellite can be used to observe the time of the closest approach of the satellite and this scientific approach along with the ability to compute the satellite ephemerides based on Kepler’s laws end up to discover the exact positing anywhere in the world (p.3 theory and practice- history of global understanding positioning system).
Potential Benefits
The potential benefit the use of GPS in today’s life is worldwide. The GPS can be used in many different ways in today’s life. First was and still for military use and expanded for the use of civilian such as a individual GPS device used supportably that u able to use it to find a car directions and now in today modern life we also find GPS in our cell phones that we use in our daily life. Also due to precise time and details about directing to the location of the use of the GPS for primary use such as airplanes, mapping, aviation navigation system, marine, space
Navigations, emergency service dispatching, and it’s all under the control of the DOD
(department of defiance) as well. Another potential benefit is finding nearby locations such as stores and schools. It is a good benefit because it can cross check the address which the GPS is navigating to.GPS is also used to verify the correct time in the location which you are traveling in by satellite it is the most accurate time. (Dana, H., Peter (1997).
Ethical issue
The Global positioning system GPS were designed in the first place to replace the TRANSIT because the Transit had two issues that affect the system to Navigate among them are; the Time gape. Since a satellite technically pass overhead every 90 minutes. The second issue with the TRANSIT system was poor precision to navigate. By studying these two issues the GPS system developed that has accuracy in time, place, direction, and as fast as it can be and precisely accurate. “In contrast, GPS answers the questions “What time, what position, and what velocity is it? “ quickly, accurately, and inexpensively anywhere on the globe at any time”( Wellenhof, Lichtenegger, Collins,3)
Legal
The Navy Navigational Satellite System (NNSS) that called TRNSIT system as Well those include six satellites at altitude of 1100 km orbiting to decide the direction of vessels and airplanes. This system was also used for civilian as well and this system was used all over the world for Navigation and surveying. (Wellenhof, Lichtenberger, Collins 3). Moreover, another issue factor that faces the GPS systems. It appears sometimes because of the “multipath signals propagation”. Multipath inaccuracy refers to factual error in the code tracking loop because of the satellite direct signals and the reflecting of the multi signals from the ground and the surrounding area objects of the receiver. (Sahmoudi, M. & Moeness, G., Amin (2009). Robust tracking of weak GPS signals in multipath and jamming environments. Signal Processing, 89(7).
Another issue can relate to this matter is the GPS jamming issue. These issues relate to the accuracy of the jamming condition. At times, GPS might not function properly within an area that has no satellite, or the weather conditions can also affect it, but in today’s world, satellite is available everywhere. There are many issues that affect the GPS among them are the data requirement, fabrication issue, error handling, local and remote operation and how to reach the high accuracy during the generation and measurement of jamming. (El-Bakry, M., Hazem & Mastorakis, Nikos ,2009).
Security Concern
The GPS security concern initiate when the global positioning system started to be in use for public benefit in the term of the President Ronald Reagan that he made it worldwide Free for commercial use. The system unconfined to public and had two signals in which the first is the precise positioning PP or precise code PC and the second one is standard positioning Service SPS or the Coarse Acquisition code CA. The military use the Precise Code because it has more special details to receiver and more precise quality. Also it has another good quality that measure the small delay that happened because of the signals that goes through the atmosphere to perform this action because it has the ability increase its accuracy by using the second career wave. In the other hand the CA (Coarse Code) was the one only was relived to the people because it had less precise and accuracy. The US governments resolve the CA (Coarse Code) by a technique called selective availability SA to transfer it to PC (Precision code) which let the US government to adjust the Global Positioning system GPS signals accuracy art any time in any place. This action or procedure will help the US government to change and confuse the enemy relying depending on GPS navigations. (GSM SECUIRTY SYSTEM, 2010). Another security issue would be, an individual location can be tracked easily by their GPS if not password protected or not secured properly by the owner.


Conclusion / further research
Global Positioning system is one of the most profound devices ever created. The history goes back to in a day was discovered by many scientists such as the famous Italian astronomer that has the effect on the scientific revelation Galileo Galilei in the early 1600. The US air force in the 1970 used the Global positioning service. It developed and expanded throughout the year until the government discovered its navigation for the benefit to protect and detect the enemy and satisfy the military needs for its operation. Furthermore, the GPS released to the public and it has been expanded from GPS device installed in a car for driving direction to able use the GPS in your cell phone and able to navigate the walking distance as well. The history of GPS, the benefits, the use, the jamming issues, and the security concern of the GPS were the elements to understand the Global Positioning system operate (GPS). I believe I have covered everything that there is to GPS’s. I still think I might have not covered some aspects of it and someone else can do further research on it better than me.















References
Webpage
Dana, H., Peter (1997). Global Positioning System (GPS) Time dissemination for real-Time applications. Real-Time System – special issue on global time in large scale distributed real- time system, part I, 12(1), Retrieved February 04, 2011, from http://portal.acm.org.mutex.gmu.edu/citation.cfm?id=251824.251827&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=8918751&CFTOKEN=52738084#

This webpage state the global positioning system for the impending exact time and place with the direction of the real time system. An evaluation of recipient type and receiver tasks give a technique to comprehend the GPS basics. Deferent techniques that present the Accuracies are evaluated. The global standards provide the path for the GPS exact time. The failure to the GPS time diffusion result is from the control problems, the failure of the space craft, and other technical problems. (Abstract from Global Positioning System (GPS) Time dissemination for real-Time applications)

WEBPAGE
Sahmoudi, M. & Moeness, G., Amin (2009). Robust tracking of weak GPS signals in multipath and jamming environments. Signal Processing, 89(7), Retrieved February 04, 2011, Fromhttp://portal.acm.org.mutex.gmu.edu/citation.cfm?id=1519535.1519639&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=8918751&CFTOKEN=52738084
This web page is about the issues that the GPS signals faces in low SNR and multipath in addition to the intervention environment using the two steps such as BAP to improve the SNR and ML is a maximum likelihood. The outcome is more efficient and a computer simulation evaluate the reading of the RML (robust a maximum likelihood). (Abstract from Robust tracking of weak GPS signals in multipath and jamming environments)

Webpage

El-Bakry, M., Hazem & Mastorakis, Nikos. (2009). Design of anti-GPS for reasons of security. CIS'09 Proceedings of the international conference on Computational and information science 2009, from

http://portal.acm.org.mutex.gmu.edu/citation.cfm?id=1569803.1569857&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=10237362&CFTOKEN=38303871&preflayout=flat#indexterms

This webpage indicate the security issue that the GPS faces.




Webpage
GSM SECUIRTY SYSTEM, S. (2010, august 07). What is gps&how it works. Retrieved from http://www.techduke.com/2007/08/07/what-is-gps-how-it-works-security-concerns/
Annotation:
It indicates the history and the use of the global positioning system.

Webpage
Foroosh, Hassan & Junejo, N., Imran(2007). Towards a self-calibrating video camera network for content analysis and forensics. Towards a self-calibrating video camera network for content analysis and forensics, retrieved, 2007 from
http://portal.acm.org.mutex.gmu.edu/citation.cfm?id=1354821&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=10237362&CFTOKEN=38303871

Notation:
This webpage includes the security use of the GPS as well as the government and the release of the GPS to the public.

Books
1- Hofmann, b., Wellenhof & Linchtenegger,H & Collins, j. (1992,1993, 1994).Theory and practice. History of global understanding, (3), RETERIEVED, 1994.
This book indicates the history and the practice use of the GPS. Also it state the use of the government control the GPS and the why they operate the navigation system.

2- Kennedy, Michael. (1996). The global positioning system and GIS. Liberary of Congress cataloging in publication data, university of Kentucky.
This book states the Geography and the locations and how we do that and how operate. Also, this book indicates the satellite altitude from earth and the numbers of satellite that were lunched for the GPS use.